Most people display exaggerated optimism about their own future. Optimism bias can be defined as the tendency to expect positive outcomes to be more likely than negative outcomes ( Krizan and Windschitl, 2007 Lench and Ditto, 2008 Lench and Bench, 2012 Dricu et al., 2018). A shared biological substrate underlying future expectancies that subserves the promotion of the self and the denigration of unpopular out-groups may render society-wide efforts to counteract stereotyping particularly difficult: such efforts may hinder the establishment of adaptive personal optimism biases. This self-enhancement dimension included unfavorable biases toward unpopular out-groups and indicators of personal optimism and pessimism. We identified a defensive self-enhancement dimension that associated significantly and reliably with the cortical thickness of the insula and inferior frontal cortex. Using sparse canonical correlation analysis, we associated cortical thickness (assessed by magnetic resonance imaging) with measures of social and personal optimism bias, trait optimism and related concepts. However, little is known about whether social optimism biases relate to brain structure. Such biases are important for mental health and may extend to other individuals or social groups (social optimism biases). Optimism biases denote the tendency to see future desirable events as being more likely to happen to oneself than undesirable events.
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